We address this gap and develop a typology that distinguishes four types of technologies that require different types of capabilities, and we do so by combining insights into technology transfer and industry catch-up with insights into patterns of innovation across the technology life cycle. We apply this typology to the case of low emission development strategies and low carbon technologies such as hydropower, electric vehicles, and solar cells, in order to analyze capacity requirements, innovation patterns, and the impact of past deployment policies on industry localization.
